Monday, May 25, 2020
Nuclear Energy And Its Status In The US - Free Essay Example
Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1898 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2019/08/08 Category Science Essay Level High school Tags: Genetic Engineering Essay Did you like this example? Introduction        Nuclear energy is energy used in making of military weapons and generation of electricity. This form of energy is generated from either nuclear fission or fusion. Today, the United States is one of the industrialized countries with a highly developed nuclear energy sector. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Nuclear Energy And Its Status In The US" essay for you Create order Initially, the country used nuclear energy to make military weapons. However, today, a significant proportion of electricity used in the country is generated from nuclear energy. Nevertheless, the kind of energy has its benefits and its disadvantages. As a source of electricity, nuclear energy provides sufficient base load energy for power grids. On the contrary the nuclear energy industry is filled with secrets that may pave a way for illegal trade that will compromise the safety of Americans. The primary aim of this essay is to evaluate the status, pros and cons of the nuclear energy in the United States. Status of Nuclear Energy in the US        The increasing demand for electricity and fluctuating prices and coal and natural gas in the United States accounted for extensive use of nuclear energy as from the late 1950s. Between mid and late 1880s, the Americans embarked on exploiting technological developments to generate electricity for the increasing domestic and industrial customers. As electrification extended from major cities to other parts of the country, demand for electricity increased. As such, production depended on coal, hydropower resources, oil, and gas for peak-time generation (Stoker Baker). As from the 1950s, increasing population and high rates of industrialization increased the demand for electricity significantly. On the contrary, the United States gas producers reverted to less demanding conventional reserves as the countrys gas reserves were located in shale rocks that were hard to reach. With the falling production of natural gas, their prices became unstable and price of electricity increased. Additio nally, increasing prices of coal increased the price of electricity; paving a way for the development and high use of nuclear power (Stoker Baker).        The late 1950s marked the beginning of commercial production of electricity from nuclear energy in the United States. Early in the 1950s, the Atomic Energy Commission embarked on proving that nuclear energy was not only for making military weapons, but also other uses (Stoker Baker). In 1953, the AEC introduced the civil nuclear power program that also enabled access to the countrys nuclear fuels. Between 1957 and 1963, both the General Electric and Westinghouse adopted the use of light water reactor technology to generate electricity. With the increased competition between the two companies, General Electric developed the Boiled Water Reactor technology and used the resulting steam to turbines that generated electricity. As a result, AEC began to export nuclear reactors from France and Germany to continue with the production of electricity from nuclear energy (Stoker Baker).         Nuclear energy accounts for a significant proportion of electricity gen erated in the United States today. By the end of 2017, the number of nuclear reactors in the United States increased to 61 nuclear power plants that operated over 90 commercial nuclear reactors. Currently, nuclear developers use advanced technology to modify nuclear power reactors to maintain consistent power generation capacity. Today, the 99 operational nuclear reactors produce 20% of the countrys annual electricity equivalent to the amount produced in 1990s, despite shutting six nuclear reactors since 2013. The government attributes this consistency to the shortened length of reactor offline time for refueling (US Energy Information Administration Paras. 1-2). Pros        Nuclear energy is highly beneficial. First, nuclear power provides constant minimum power that a power grid requires to economically supply power that satisfies minimum demands. Typically, nuclear reactors are independent; hence natural factors, such as wind and extreme sunshine do not affect their activities. Furthermore, they operate throughout the 24 hours in a day and generate about 90% of the power required for industrial and domestic use in a country (Fox 104). Such a power capacity supersedes that of wind and solar, which experts approximate to be 33% and 25% respectively. With the high power capacity, nuclear reactors have long-term average power output. This means that during the time of operation, nuclear reactors generate sufficient power to sustain power demands at the time of reactor downtime (Fox 104). Moreover, unlike solar and wind energy, nuclear energy is highly predictable. Such is the case as experts schedule downtime ahead of time to change fuel used in nuclear r eactors. Therefore, with the reactors ability to operate at 100% capacity, nuclear energy reduces dependency on coal and natural gas to provide base load energy for power grids (Fox 104).        Nuclear power reduces the amount of carbon dioxide emissions, which increases the volume of greenhouse gases circulating in the atmosphere. According to Michael Fox, coal produces about 960-1,300g/kWh of carbon dioxide. Production of nuclear power uses advanced technologies, which reduce carbon dioxide emission to two percent of the volume emitted from coal. The experts also predict that in future, new technologies will be used to improve nuclear processes that use uranium. Such a step will lower carbon dioxide emissions significantly from nuclear fuel cycles (Fox 105).        Nuclear power eradicates the need for new power transmission lines that are environmentally damaging. In the United States, nuclear reactors are located in highly populated eastern parts of the country. Such a location means easy supply of power to the people through the existing transmission lines (Fox 106). Furthermore, nuclear reactors use highly concentrated energy from splitting uranium to generate power. In this case, a nuclear plant uses less than half a square mile to generate multiple gigawatts of electricity. Such a small footprint supersedes 50 square miles of solar panels and almost 500 square miles of wind turbines that generate similar amount of power (Fox 106). Therefore, with the small footprint and without a need for new power transmission lines, nuclear power is suitable for urban areas to reduce negative impacts on the landscape and environment.        Nuclear reactors are cost-saving as they reduce the cost of replacing power generating equipment. According to Fox, the United States recognizes the lifetime of nuclear reactors as 40 years. However, after inspection, the Nuclear Energy Regulation can extend the lifetime to 60 years depending on the safety status of the reactors (Fox 106). On the contrary, solar panels have an average life of 20 years. Unlike the nuclear reactors, the power production efficiency of solar panels decreases by approximately one percent per year. This means that they will have lost 20% of the power output by the end of the 20 years. Additionally, wind turbines have a similar lifetime as solar panels (Fox 106). As such, a person investing in solar panels and wind turbines will incur the replacement cost twice compared to an investor in nuclear reactors, which do not need replacement in a period of 40 years. Cons       Nuclear power plants attract high initial investment costs leading to a high cost of the generated electricity. According to Fox, each reactor requires about $6 billion to $8 billion to install. In 2005, the federal government enacted the Energy Policy Act that recognized the provision of construction loan guarantees for nuclear plants. However, the loans do not exceed 80% of a reactors cost. Furthermore, a significant proportion of investors cannot afford remaining 20% required to complete a single nuclear power project. Additionally, the law requires nuclear power developers to fully pay the cost of loan guarantee and the cost of administering such loan programs. Consequently, the plan discourages private financiers from financing private projects, especially when the nuclear developers fail to meet the loan guarantee obligations and to complete their projects within a particular period and budget (Fox 109). With the high initial investment cost, nuclear developers will increase th e price of power per unit; making it expensive, especially for domestic users. As a result, people will revert to other cheaper sources of power. Additionally, the federal government provides different incentives for investment in energy. However, of the total incentives, nine percent goes to research and development in nuclear power (Fox 110). This means that nuclear developers have to shoulder a high cost for the construction of nuclear reactors. Therefore, the market may not sustain nuclear power in the long-run due to its high initial investment.        Political leaders highly interfere with the operations of nuclear developers. Consequently, they make decisions that increase the risks and uncertainties of nuclear power. According to George Gonzales, majority of the leaders tailor their politics to suite interests of the local businesses. Failing to align their political interests to those of the nuclear developers creates uncertainties in the local economic climate. Such a move discourages new nuclear developers from investing in the locality. Furthermore, political interferences force nuclear developers to shut their operations in a state prior to the end of their projects lifetime. For example, the state government of New York accuses the management of Oyster Creek nuclear plant of unwillingness to comply with the states safety measures. Consequently, Oyster Creeks management has decided to shut the plant in 2019,10 years before the planned time (Gonzales 3). In such a case, it is likely that the nuclear developer will hurriedly cease operations without considering proper disposure of their waste products. Consequently, Gonzales points out that nuclear waste can be mined to make nuclear weapons (Gonzales 4). Therefore, it is clear that political decisions compromise proper handling of civilian nuclear technology; thus increasing the risk of nuclear weapons proliferation.        Monopolization of the nuclear power sector can compromise peoples safety as the nuclear developers focus on maximizing output and profits. According to Gonzales, high initial investment attracts few investors. As a result, they dominate and monopolize the nuclear energy sector due to lack of high competition. In the United States, Westinghouse and General Electric are the dominant builders of nuclear reactors. With such monopoly, it is easy for investors to concentrate on increasing output to increase their earnings from nuclear power. As a result, they are likely to produce beyond their capacity and cause nuclear accidents, such as the Three Mile Island and Chernobyl reactor accidents of 1979 and 1986 respectively (Gonzales 3-4). Gerry Stoker and Keith Baker add that the nuclear industry in the United States is highly suspicious. Such is the case as the industry is secretive; creating a loophole for the investors to engage in secretive transactions that may compromise peoples safety (Stoker Baker Chapter 6).       Conclusion        Nuclear energy is of significant use in the United States. Initially, nuclear power was used for military purposes. With time, advanced technology was used to generate electricity from nuclear energy. Today, electricity from nuclear power accounts for about 20% of the United States total electricity produced each year. Among its benefits, nuclear power eradicates the need for new power transmission lines that are environmentally damaging and reduces the amount of carbon dioxide emission. Conversely, monopolization of the nuclear power sector can compromise peoples safety as the nuclear developers focus on maximizing output and profits. Moreover, nuclear power plants attract a high initial investment cost leading to a high cost of the generated electricity. Therefore, the federal government and private nuclear developers should invent ways of minimizing the cons, especially the safety concerns. Works Cited Baker, Keith, and Stoker, Gerry. Nuclear Power and Energy Policy: The Limits to Governance. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015. Print. Fox, Michael, H. Why We Need Nuclear Power: The Environmental Case. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014. Print. Gonzalez, George, A. Energy and Empire: The Politics of Nuclear and Solar Power in the United States. Albany: State University of New York Press, 2012. Print. US Energy Information Administration. Nuclear explained: US nuclear industry. May 1, 2018. Retrieved from [Web] June 25, 2018. https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/index.php?page=nuclear_use
Friday, May 15, 2020
Emotional Intel Essay - 3794 Words
Abstract The purpose of this paper is to present information regarding effects of globalization on the economy and the culture of the Norway, during the past few years. Five sets of research questions were used to form the bases of the paper. The intent is to illiterate the cultural dynamics and business culture of the Country. Knowledge of the influence of culture and business practices will assist one with understanding globalization as it pertains to Norway. Using the information in this paper, individuals like consultants and managers who interact with Norweigians can use this as a framework or perspective Summary of the case study â€Å"A Naà ¯ve Sahab In India†The case study â€Å"A Naà ¯ve Sahab in India†tells the story of Brian†¦show more content†¦He would benefit from cultural training sessions, which has been proved to be very effective to prepare professionals for intercultural work. By going through such training, Brian would learn how to better approach his managers without being too offensive. Brian will have to re-think his strategies before putting together a new manager team made up with old and newly hired managers, and only then carefully and slowly introduce the expected changes for the company. Male/Female Differences Disparities between males and females in society can be seen everywhere and the work place is no different. Women are expected to be vulnerable and sympathetic to others’ needs, while men are expected to be competitive, strong and rational. In business, these gender differences determine communication behaviors and interactions. A study published in the â€Å"Journal of Social and Development Sciences†confirms, â€Å"the gender of individuals engaged in negotiations will affect the communication style utilized by each individual†(Yu-Te Tu, 2012, p. 125). Women might rely more on non-verbal and indirect communication, which has been noted as a characteristic to those who have less power. Women are still pictured as the fragile gender by society, however many of the exclusive â€Å"female traits†are strengths that can make women more efficient managers than men. For example, women who are able to relate to others easily and possess the ability to empower will beShow MoreRelatedEssay Intel Corporation, 1968-19971123 Words  | 5 PagesIntel Corporation, 1968-1997 Synopsis: This case traces the strategic decisions of Intel Corporation which defined its evolution from being a start-up developer of semiconductor memory chips in 1968 to being the industry leader of microprocessors in 1997 when it ranked amongst the top five American companies and had stock market valuation of USD 113 billion. Intel in DRAM business: The strategies employed by Intel for DRAM business focussed on: 1. 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Wednesday, May 6, 2020
The Origins Of Christianity And Hinduism - 1737 Words
For the majority of the time that the largest religions in the world have existed, it has been in the pre modern era. As people developed and new ways of thought emerged, the scientific revolution sparked the modern era. This spark is what started to challenge many of the beliefs and practices upheld through all religions. Through these challenges, different interpreters and practices have formed which changed the course of development form the contemporary time period. This paper will reflect of the challenges and reactions the religions of Christianity and Hinduism faced with their encounters of the modern and postmodern situations. Pre-modern Christianity originally started as an offshoot of Judaism, as they believed that Jesus is the true Messiah and savior. Since the beginning Christians have believed in the Holy Trinity. This is something that has always and still is unique to this particular religion. The time period in which the religion was most widely spread was during Paul’s lifetime, a former persecutor of Christians. The pre-modern period is a time where many of the religion’s doctrines, books, and gospels were written. It is during this time that basis for what would later become the largest religion in the world was being formulated. The religion really blossomed once it took root being the official religion of the Roman Empire. The religion was spread all through out the vast land the Romans had conquered. All while this is going on through out the centuries,Show MoreRelatedWorld Religion: Christianity the Most Widespread Religion in The World1473 Words  | 6 Pagesaround the wor ld. The six world religions are Christianity, Islam, Judaism, Hinduism, Buddhism, and Confucianism. Many of these religions are monotheistic, which is the belief of only one god or one higher power. There are also polytheistic believers, which is the belief in many or more than one god. 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Tuesday, May 5, 2020
Strategic Marketing Management Nike
Question: Write about theStrategic Marketing Managementfor Nike. Answer: External and Internal Analysis of Nike External Analysis Customer Analysis Nike is the largest player in the athletic apparel with $28 billion in annual sales (Mahdi, Abbas, Mazar and George (2015). Nike focuses on and categorizes its customers based on a certain demographics such as age, income trends and many more. Based on the demographic the major customers of Nike are Women, Young Athletes and runners. In addition, the company develops products based on the popular categories of sports. As mentioned by Mahdi et al., (2015), Nike is expanding the range of its womens apparel, particularly, the sports bras and tights. It is also identified that the Sales of Nike training as well as running apparel for women increased by double digits in the last quarter. However, the ADIDAS attracts young athletes to wear its apparel via sponsorship with the local clubs, federation and leagues. Competitor Analysis Even though, Nike is worlds largest apparel brand with the highest revenue, it has strong competitors with the highest market Chung, Derdenger and Srinivasan (2013). The major competitors of Nike are Adidas, Reebok, Taylor Made and Rockport. Among all competitors of Nike, Reebok and Adidas are the potential competitors with the worldwide revenue of $3 billion and $ 16 billion (Verdu, Gmez-Gras and Martnez-Mateo (2012). It is also observed that competition in athletic apparel is fierce. These competitors are expanding their categories of products as well as nations with widened -. Even though substitutes such as footwear, sports kits of regional brands like Li Ling tend to pose a significant threat against Nikes performance as the major player in the global shoes market (Chung, Derdenger Srinivasan 2013). The global demands for athletic footwear, apparel as well as the equipment are projected to grow in the future because the customers cannot substitute these products. On the other s ide, it has also been observed that Nike has a large degree of brand recognition as well as loyalty; thereby, it will be difficult to for new entrants to match its range. Market Analysis Nike has developed relationship marketing as well as segmentation to increase consumer satisfaction. It is also identified that Nike, the market leader in the field of the sportswear products is also the market leader of innovation, creativity as well as brand awareness. Although, the company has observed that a tremendous growth in the market, strong competition in the market influenced Nike to buy share other brands belonging to same sector. For example, in 2003, the brand purchased Converse in 2003 (Do, Ko Woodside, 2015). The product line of the brand focuses on the premium target market. In addition, compared to the marketing of competitors, overall revenue of Nike increased by 4.98% in the first quarter of 2017 (Verdu, Gmez-Gras Martnez-Mateo, 2012). Nike in the international market competes with an increasing number of athletic as well as leisure footwear organizations, athletic and leisure apparel firms. Environment Analysis It is identified that huge production factories of Nike, undoubtedly have been affecting the environment. The operation in these factories releases huge amount of aerial pollution. the company has been dealing with an increasing pressure put by the government. Internal Analysis Performance (Strength) The growing operation helps the company to expand the operation with almost 338 outlets and 336 outlets in the global environment (Mahdi et al. 2015). The company has successfully been running the operation in more than 52 countries (Verdu et al. 2012). The strong marketing as well as RD helps the firm to remain active in such competitive environment. In this context, Soener (2015) commented that Nike develops and uses Make to Stock customer order that helps to deliver fast service to buyers from the available stock. However, in China, Nikes operation is affected by the presence of ADIDAS. ADIDAS has contracted with Chinese basketball superstar to manufacture basket shoes and this has affected market share of Nike (Verdu et al. 2012). Determinants of Strategic Options Due to the strong global presence, Nike has the opportunity to penetrate in the new market that has increasing rate of growth such as Brazil, China and other European nations. In order to strengthen the brand presence in the foreign nations, it could follow anti-dumping responsibilities on countrys products. In addition, to this the company could develop new production line for the fashionable footwear to attract the new buyers. Moreover, Nike still did not pay a required attention to child wear. However, the demand for child wear is extremely high. The competitors like ADIDAS have developed a child category, which brought in a significant advantage to the company (Walley Li,2015). Therefore, it is necessary for Nike to focus on the child wear. References Chung, K. Y., Derdenger, T. P., Srinivasan, K. (2013). Economic value of celebrity endorsements: Tiger Woods' impact on sales of Nike golf balls.Marketing Science,32(2), 271-293. Do, H., Ko, E., Woodside, A. G. (2015). Tiger Woods, Nike, and I are (not) best friends: how brand's sports sponsorship in social-media impacts brand consumer's congruity and relationship quality.International Journal of Advertising,34(4), 658-677. Mahdi, A., Abbas, M., Mazar, T. I., George, S. (2015). A comparative analysis of strategies and business models of Nike, Inc. and Adidas Group with special reference to competitive advantage in the context of a dynamic and competitive environment.International Journal of Business Management and Economic Research,6(3), 167-177. Soener, M. (2015). Why do firms financialize? Meso-level evidence from the US apparel and footwear industry, 19912005.Socio-Economic Review, mwv006. Szenberg, M., Lombardi, J.W. Lee, E.Y., (2014).Welfare effects of trade restrictions: A case study of the US footwear industry. Academic Press. Verdu, A. J., Gmez-Gras, J. M., Martnez-Mateo, J. (2012). Value creation through production offshoreinshore strategies in a footwear industry cluster: A coevolutionary perspective.International Business Review,21(3), 342-356. Walley, K., Li, C. (2015). The market for luxury brands in China: Insight based on a study of consumers perceptions in Beijing.Journal of Brand Management,22(3), 246-260.
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